The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man was a revolutionary call for legal equality, representative government, and individual freedom. But the new rights were strictly limited to men; Napoleon tightened further the subordination of French women. Among those who saw the contradiction in granting supposedly universal rights to only half the population was Marie …
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Feb 17
Jakob Walter, German Draftee with Napoleon
In January 1812, a young German named Jakob Walter (1788-1864) was recalled to active duty in the army of Wiirttemberg, a Napoleonic satellite in the Confederation of the Rhine. Stonemason and common draftee, Walter later wrote a rare enlisted man’s account of the Russian campaign, a personal history that testified to the terrible price paid …
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Feb 17
SUMMARY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
The French Revolution left a compelling and many sided political legacy. This legacy included, most notably, liberalism, assertive nationalism, radical democratic republicanism, embryonic socialism, and self-conscious conservatism. It also left a rich and turbulent history of electoral competition, legislative assemblies, and even mass politics. Thus the French Revolution and conflicting interpretations of it’s
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Feb 17
Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy
Napoleon was above all *military man, and a great one. After coming to power in 1799, he sent peace feelers to Austria and Great Britain, the two remaining members of the Second Coalition, which had been formed against France in 1798. When these overtures were rejected, French armies led by Napoleon decisively defeated the Austrians. …
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Feb 17
Napoleon’s Rule of France
In 1799 when he seized power, young General Napoleon Bonaparte was a national hero. Born in Corsica into an impoverished noble family in 1769, Napoleon left home and became a lieutenant in the French artillery in 1785. After a brief and unsuccessful adventure fighting for Corsican independence in 1789, he returned to France as a …
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